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Indian Orphanages

Marilyn Irvin Holt

New in paperback: October 2004
x, 326 pages, 19 photographs, 6 x 9
Paper ISBN 978-0-7006-1363-2, $19.95

WINNER OF THE OKLAHOMA HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S OUTSTANDING BOOK AWARD

Book Cover ImageWith their deep tradition of tribal and kinship ties, Native Americans had lived for centuries with little use for the concept of an unwanted child. But besieged by reservation life and boarding school acculturation, many tribes--with the encouragement of whites--came to accept the need for orphanages.

The first book to focus exclusively on this subject, Marilyn Holt's study interweaves Indian history, educational history, family history, and child welfare policy to tell the story of Indian orphanages within the larger context of the orphan asylum in America. She relates the history of these orphanages and the cultural factors that produced and sustained them, shows how orphans became a part of native experience after Euro-American contact, and explores the manner in which Indian societies have addressed the issue of child dependency.

Holt examines in depth a number of orphanages from the 1850s to1940s--particularly among the "Five Civilized Tribes" in Oklahoma, as well as among the Seneca in New York and the Ojibway and Sioux in South Dakota. She shows how such factors as disease, federal policies during the Civil War, and economic depression contributed to their establishment and tells how white social workers and educational reformers helped undermine native culture by supporting such institutions. She also explains how orphanages differed from boarding schools by being either tribally supported or funded by religious groups, and how they fit into social welfare programs established by federal and state policies.

The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 overturned years of acculturation policy by allowing Native Americans to finally reclaim their children, and Holt helps readers to better understand the importance of that legislation in the wake of one of the more unfortunate episodes in the clash of white and Indian cultures.

“A well-written, interesting, and important contribution to the fields of Indian history and Indian education.”—American Historical Review

“A major contribution to the understanding of how Indian orphanages came to exist and why Native American families turned to them. A must read for all Native American scholars and students.”—American Studies

“A sensitive and pathbreaking contribution.”—Great Plains Quarterly

"An original and well-written account of a largely unknown chapter in American history that will be of signal importance to scholars in the fields of Native American studies and child welfare."--David Wallace Adams, author of Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928

"A lucid and balanced study that illuminates the connections among federal Indian policy, social welfare practices, and American Indian communities, families, and individuals."--Tsianina Lomawaima, author of They Called It Prairie Light: The Story of Chilocco Indian School

"An important addition to the growing body of work on the history of dependent children."--Timothy Hacsi, author of Second Home: Orphan Asylums and Poor Families in America

"By far the best book ever written on the subject."--E. Wayne Carp, author of Family Matters: Secrecy and Disclosure in the History of Adoptions

MARILYN IRVIN HOLT is former director of publications at the Kansas Historical Society and has served as a research consultant for the PBS American Experience series. She is author of The Orphan Trains: Placing Out in America and Linoleum, Better Babies, and the Modern Farm Woman, 1890–1930 and editor of a volume devoted to twentieth-century teenagers' diaries and journals.