University Press of Kansas Logo

If Men Were Angels

James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason

Richard K. Matthews

290 pages
American Political Thought
Cloth ISBN 978-0-7006-0643-6, $25.00
Paper ISBN 978-0-7006-0807-2, $14.95

Book Cover Image"What is government itself but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary."

The ever wary James Madison viewed his fellow citizens as anything but angelic. In this radically new interpretation, Richard Matthews portrays a much less optimistic (and yet more liberal) Madison than we've seen before. Neither civic humanist nor democrat, this Madison is a distrusting, calculating, and pragmatic Machiavellian Prince.

Hardly an imposing figure, Madison was barely five-feet-six-inches tall, pale complected, a poor speaker, a perpetual hypochondriac and secret epileptic, pursued by bouts of depression and given to dressing in black. And yet his political achievements and intellectual legacy are monumental. Revered as the "Father of the Constitution," Madison was also architect of the "Virginia plan"; one of the two principal authors of The Federalist; leader of the inaugural House of Representatives; reluctant champion of the Bill of Rights; cofounder of the Republican Party, Washington's ghostwriter; Jefferson's Secretary of State; and president and commander-in-chief during America's second war of Independence.

Nevertheless, Madison's preeminence in the rise of the modern American state has not always been so widely recognized. And, Matthews contends, what has been written about Madison's political thought has been limited in scope and skewed in interpretation.

Unlike previous authors, Matthews goes well beyond Madison's work on the Constitution to reconstruct the complete range of Madison's political thought and intellectual development over the course of his extensive life. In the process, he provides a powerful critique of Madisonian politics. It is possible, he shows, to applaud the energy, design, and intellect that went into Madison's thought and simultaneously challenge the assumptions and values upon which that thought rests.

Matthews's Madison understood the potentially fatal problems of a weak, divided state; saw salvation in a strong central government astride an expanding commercial republic; drafted that government's fundamental charter; ran the infant regime as an advisor to two presidents before becoming president himself; and, in retirement, strove to control and manipulate historical interpretations of these efforts. From "The Legislator" to chief executive to keeper of the past and controller of the future, Madison adjusted his political posture to suit the moment. . . . just as Machiavelli's ideal Prince would have done. Madison's system achieved the stability he desired, but at a price Americans should have refused to pay.

Provocative and controversial, Matthews's study revises our understanding of this central figure in American history. It illuminates his profound impact upon the America imagined by the Framers, his ongoing influence on the nation we have become, and the tragedy of his success in foreclosing the possibility of a radical Jeffersonian America that never was, but might have been.

"Highly opinionated, iconoclastic, controversial, and immensely imaginative. A provocative and deeply stimulating reading of Madison that deserves to be part of the never-ending conversation Americans have about the meaning of America."--Isaac Kramnick, author of Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America

"Outstanding. Certainly the most systematic, comprehensive, and penetrating analysis of Madison's political thought, the volume is engagingly written, tightly argued, and persuasive in its interpretations."--Jack P. Greene, author of The Intellectual Construction of America and editor of the Encyclopedia of American Political History

"A controversial and compelling case for Madison's consistent liberalism. Deserves a prominent place on the bookshelf of anyone who takes seriously the study of American political thought."--Michael Lienesch, author of New Order of the Ages

"This book will make a major splash among both historians and political scientists and should have substantial appeal to the general reading public. Its most significant achievement is the discovery and explication of the themes that make Madison consistent despite his many changes of position over a long and varied public career."--Forrest McDonald, author of Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution

RICHARD K. MATTHEWS is professor and chair of the department of government at Lehigh University. If Men Were Angels is the second volume in his revisionist trilogy on the Founding that began with The Radical Politics of Thomas Jefferson and that will conclude with Alexander Hamilton and the Creation of the Heroic State.